Climate change poses a profound threat to Pakistan’s environment, economy, and society. Despite contributing less than 1% to global greenhouse gas emissions, Pakistan is among the countries most vulnerable to climate-induced disasters.

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🌊 Escalating Climate Disasters

Pakistan has experienced a surge in extreme weather events, including intense heatwaves, erratic monsoons, and devastating floods. In 2022, catastrophic floods submerged a third of the country, affecting over 33 million people and causing damages estimated at $40 billion. These floods were intensified by unprecedented monsoon rains and accelerated glacial melting, both linked to climate change.

The coastal city of Gwadar, once thriving due to its proximity to the sea, now faces severe challenges from rising sea levels and extreme weather. Frequent flooding, eroded beaches, and damaged infrastructure have disrupted livelihoods, particularly in the fishing sector, and forced migrations due to water scarcity.

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💧 Water Scarcity and Agricultural Strain

Climate change has exacerbated Pakistan’s water crisis. The suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty by India threatens Pakistan’s primary water source, the Indus Basin, crucial for agriculture and hydropower. Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns have led to droughts and reduced water availability, impacting both rural and urban communities.

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🔥 Rising Temperatures and Health Risks

Pakistan is experiencing increasingly severe heatwaves. In April 2025, temperatures soared to 50°C in regions like Shaheed Benazirabad, 8.5°C above average. Such extreme heat poses significant health risks, especially in areas lacking adequate cooling infrastructure.

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🧠 Societal and Psychological Impacts

The mental health effects of climate change are profound, particularly among youth and women. Climate-induced disasters have led to increased eco-anxiety and psychological distress, with marginalized groups often receiving inadequate support during recovery efforts.

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🌱 Adaptation and Resilience Efforts

In response to these challenges, Pakistan is exploring innovative solutions. The “sponge city” concept, implemented in Karachi, aims to mitigate flooding through permeable surfaces and green infrastructure.

International support is also playing a role. The International Monetary Fund has approved a $1.4 billion loan under its climate resilience fund to assist Pakistan in adapting to climate change impacts.

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📚 Further Reading

For more in-depth information on this topic, consider exploring the following resources:

Understanding Climate Change Attitudes in Pakistan

Pakistan and Climate Adaptation | Development Dispatch – CSIS

Navigating climate justice in the aftermath of Pakistan’s 2022 floods

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